Software & Systems

Articles of journal № 3 at 2017 year.

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1. Calculation of the optimal dependency of information resource price during its marketing at several markets [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: S.A. Amelkin , O.S. Ivanova
Visitors: 3775
The paper considers the problem of determining the pricing policy of the company that implements a market information resource. One of the key challenges of the information market – information cost determination. However, this raises a number of difficulties due to the nature of the goods. The paper considers the information goods as a certain software product. The sale of information resources is characterized by the fact that replication of this resource can be without any significant additional costs. This leads to increasing in resource volume during its dissemination. At the same time, price setting is one of the key factors determining further distribution and promotion of goods, which takes into account a variety of factors including the way it is distributed. The paper solves the problem of determining the optimal dependence of the information resource price on time for the case when the retailer has no competitors on the market, the market is saturated, and buyers do not have the possibility of further dissemination of the resource. The authors obtain the conditions for optimal selection of the information resource price, calculate the maximum possible income of the company for a linear demand function, and describe the conditions governing the duration and volume of sales ensuring a high average company income. When the function of demand is known (it can be found using an approximation of the experimental data), the obtained conditions allow selecting the optimal change in sell prices as a function of the number of sold copies of the information resource.

2. High-performance microprocessor 1890ВМ118 for trusted computing systems [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: S.I. Aryashev , Bobkov S.G., P.S. Zubkovsky , S.А. Morev , B.Yu. Rogatkin
Visitors: 8318
This article considers the problems of developing a high-performance microprocessor for trusted computing systems. Microprocessor performance is determined by core capacity or a number of stages, which may be in execution simultaneously, and memory access time. Microprocessor applicability to create trusted systems is based on using self-made blocks and nodes. Microprocessor core performance is determined by three characteristics: clock frequency, operations per instruction, instruction rate. For 1890VM118 microprocessor these characteristics were optimized by performance/power parameter. Clock frequency increasing is achieved using custom development of timing critical blocks and pipeline length optimization. Hardware solutions, such as superscalar instruction execution, branch prediction and preliminary data load in cache memory, increase instruction rate. Implementation of the arithmetic co-processor focused on digital signal processing tasks allows increasing the number of operations per instruction. The paper considers increasing memory subsystem performance in terms of symmetric memory access for a dual-core microprocessor. It also describes the approach to implementing cache coherence in processor cores. The authors pay special attention to increasing the security level in microprocessor for trusted computing systems. They consider hardware solutions for operating system trusted boot and isolated memory access. To ensure trusted boot the authors suggest using on-chip ROM and one-time-programmable memory containing a secured bootloader and the keys to verify the signatures of an operating system. Isolated access solutions include a memory access controller discussed in the article and implemented inside a microprocessor. The paper proposes prospective solutions for creating trusted systems based on microprocessors by NIISI RAS.

3. Optimization problems solution based on superelement modeling of oil-field development [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: I.V. Afanaskin , P.V. Yalov, Giatsintov A.M., A.V. Roditelev
Visitors: 6818
Oil fields of Russia are mainly developed by waterflooding. Most of them are in the 3rd or 4th stage of development. Consequently, the water cutting of well production is 80–90% or more. In these conditions, in order to optimize the development of deposits, oil engineers try to reduce water production and injection while maintaining or increasing oil production. For this purpose, there are the tasks of field development control and regulation. These problems are solved using various mathematical models. This paper considers a superelement mathematical waterflooding model based on a two-phase filtration model for weakly compressible immiscible liquids (oil and water) in an elastic bed under the Darcy law. The system of differential equations for pressure and saturation is approximated on Voronoi diagram in an entirely explicit manner. The size of the superelements is comparable to the distance between the wells. This allows performing calculations without using special software. To solve inverse problems (determine model coefficients or optimize development parameters), the work uses Newton's method and the conjugate gradient method. In the classical setting of an inverse problem, the optimization theory methods should be applied directly to the mathematical model of the process under study. However, when solving oilfield development problems, the number of optimization parameters can be large, and the complexity of the mathematical model is quite high. Therefore, the application of optimization theory methods directly to a mathematical model can be very time-consuming. To overcome this contradiction, it is proposed to build statistical dependencies of the development indices on the required parameters using a mathematical model of waterflooding, and then to apply optimization theory methods no longer to the mathematical model, but to the statistical dependencies obtained. To illustrate this approach, we consider the solution of the problem of model adaptation to absolute permeability. It is established that the application of the conjugate gradient method directly to the waterflooding model gives an error in determining the permeability of 11,8 %. Applying the same method to a statistical dependence of a model adaptation error (on accumulated production and injection of oil and water) on the logarithm of permeability gives an error in determining permeability of only a little more, it is 15 %.

4. Comparison of russian and foreign microprocessor performance [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: N.D. Baykov , A.N. Godunov
Visitors: 10699
This article provides performance comparison for three different MIPS processors (RM7000, XLP316 and 1890VM8YA) and describes their architecture details. To compare processor performance, the testing technique is developed and implemented using C and Assembler. The technique consists of three consecutive stages. At the first stage the authors measure processor instructions execution time providing that both instructions and data required are already stored in a primary cache. The instructions are divided into several groups. There are the results for members of each group. Primary and secondary cache efficiency is benchmarked on the second stage. The article provides the results for secondary cache and RAM access time only. The third stage uses synthetic performance tests. The obtained results are compared with theoretical estimations based on the results of the first two stages. The advantage of the proposed technique is in its independence from compiler and operating system specified. All measurements are carried out in clock cycles using special purpose coprocessor registers.

5. Modern trends in automated usability evaluation and behavioral factors in search engine algorithms [№3 за 2017 год]
Author: M.A. Bakaev
Visitors: 6618
Nowadays, there are persisting ambiguities in usability conceptualization for quantitative measurement and a certain gap between its more objective components (effectiveness and efficiency) and a fairly subjective aspect of user satisfaction. The paper mentions that the practical goal is not necessarily measuring website’s usability, but rather improving its quality-in-use or assessment by respective algorithms of major search engines, which increase the importance of “behavioral factors” in their rankings. The paper describes traditional methods in usability evaluation and design, as well as up-to-date tools that introduce certain automation into them. The authors identify approaches within automated usability evaluation and summarize possibilities and limitations of each one. The approaches are based on interactions, metrics and modeling. Furthermore, there is an overview of hybrid approaches that use more and more AI and machine learning methods. Therefore, an effective method for website interaction quality evaluation is neural networks, which are applied within evolutionary web design algorithms to calculate fitness function for candidate solutions. The final part of the paper describes how global search engines (such as Yandex and Google) perform automated website usability evaluation and provides a list of the most important behavioral factors. In fact, they mostly consider usability as a “black box” and actively apply machine-learning methods to approximate its calculation. Thus, usability conceptualization and practical assessment by search engines, which nowadays shape the web to a great extent, is constantly evolving and, in our opinion, calls for respectively flexible approaches from web designers and engineers.

6. Algorithms of conceptual modeling and text classification in the tuvan language corpus [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: Bykova V.V., Ch.M. Mongush
Visitors: 3961
The corpus is an information-linguistic system based on the collection of digitized texts in some language. Nowadays, the corpus of Tuvan language includes official and business documents and Tuvan literary works. Expanding of the Tuvan corpus and deepening of the text processing level are continuening. These works lead to the tasks of a natural language text analysis. The main tasks is classification by precedents and conceptual modeling. In order to solve these problems, the paper uses an algebraic approach, which is called the analysis of formal concepts. The paper proposes algorithms and programs for constructing a conceptual model of literary works collection and solving the problem of a binary classification by precedents. There are methods of reducing computational complexity of the considered algorithms. The paper presents the results of computational experiments, which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods for reducing computation complexity. Finally, there are the results of conceptual modeling and binary classification of Tuvan folklore works.

7. Algorithms of information estimation of compatibility of mobile telecommunication devices and aeronautical radionavigation service stations [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: O.Yu. Vavulov, A.V. Sukhov, Reshetnikov V.N.
Visitors: 6138
Every member in modern information society requires high-quality, high-speed and widespread mobile tele-communication. The number of such users increases steadily. Therefore, new technologies are being rapidly developed and the newest quality standards (LTE, 4G) are being implemented in this area. At the same time, it is also important to take into account the possibility of electromagnetic compatibility with other telecommunication service devices, especially safety services, for instance, aeronautical radionavigation service. the present article considered The issue of information estimation algorithm development for the state of the technical complex of aeronautical radionavigation service in conditions of destructive interference impact from mobile telecommunication systems. The state of technical complex of aeronautical radionavigation service is defined in the mathematical terms in information space is set by means of the information measure – covering entropy that indicates how real characteristics of the considered systems correspond to their normative values. The suggested method has been applied for estimation of interference impact on the real Russian stations of aeronautical radionavigation service, located in the border region, the example of algorithm application is presented for compatibility estimation of the technical complex of aeronautical radionavigation service with the real mobile telecommunication network. With this coordination algorithm of the technical complex of aeronautical radionavigation service with new frequency assignment for a single base station is suggested. This algorithm is based on calculation of intensity of the aggregate interference field strength produced by all land mobile stations in the area of location of aeronautical radionavigation service station and comparison of the calculated value with the permissible value for specific type of aeronautical radionavigation service station.

8. Multiprocess system debugging problems [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: Galatenko V.A., Kostyukhin K.A.
Visitors: 7670
The article considers multiprocess complex systems debugging. The development of high-quality complex systems is a long and time-consuming process. It is believed that debugging takes about a half of this time. Switching to multi-core processor architectures has made parallelism a regular task, as well as errors specific for parallel systems. This makes debugging even more important and at the same time more complicated. The main feature of multiprocessing systems is using complex, asynchronous interactions between system components. This feature influences the approaches to debugging, determines the choice of debugging tools and methods. The complexity of debugging is also determined by the quantity and heterogeneity of multi-process system components, some of them might be hardware. A traditional set of debugging tools is the following: an interactive debugger, a tracer, self-monitoring libraries, reverse execution. Their application changes. The first chapter describes the existing debugging tools and techniques. The authors highlight their advantages and disadvantages. The next two chapters describe the existing problems of multiprocess system debugging. The fourth chapter provides the architecture of multiprocess system debugger. In conclusion authors present the results of their work.

9. Identification of a complex technical system functional state under conditions of measurement data ambiguity [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: A.A. Genov, K.D. Rusakov , S.Sh. Hill
Visitors: 8100
The article considers a topical problem of identification of a complex technical system functional state in conditions of increased noisiness using a transition to another attribute space of the observed state. The authors define the term “functional state”. The paper shows the problem of estimating a functional state as a dual problem of identification and pattern recognition. It pays attention to a possible selection of parameters of mathematical models and their structures as new signs of the observed state. As an example, in order to solve the parametric identification problem, the authors have selected the method of least squares. It shows the changing of the functional state. The process of analyzing measuring information plays an important role in the tasks of monitoring and testing by complex technical systems. Only after passing through all stages of processing, it is possible to decide on the condition of the test object. However, it is difficult to do in case of poor quality information. Elimination of this problem is mainly comes to searching solutions in order to form and improve relevant rules for management decision-making. At the same time, in normal conditions and situations, creation of such rules in many cases does not cause any special problems. Nevertheless, in abnormal conditions it is problematic. The state analysis of complex technical objects or their subsystems according to the measurement results assumes the solution of structural and parametric identification problems. Management of complex technical objects and their testing is characterized by uncertainty of external influence, anomalous and accidental measurement errors. To ensure the required quality of their subsystems state analysis, it is necessary to form the principles of identification process adaptive control, the methods of an optimal choice of a model structure based on the quality of measurement data. This is particularly topical for automation of secondary processing at terminal control facilities.

10. High resolution video playback in virtual 3d environment in training simulation systems [№3 за 2017 год]
Authors: Giatsintov A.M., Mamrosenko K.A.
Visitors: 7935
The article describes the developed methods of high-resolution video playback in a visualization subsystem of training simulation systems (TSS). Usually TSS have a number of heterogeneous data resources. The following resource types are of interest for personnel training: dynamic process development charts; graphic materials of studied objects; 3D models of objects and their parts; simulation results in a video form; video records. Visualization subsystem provides rendering simulation results of environment and dynamic objects, and displaying the rendered image using display devices. Displaying videos in virtual 3D scenes is one of the requirements for TSS. Displaying videos inside a virtual 3D scene is a complex task, as many factors should be taken in account, such as performance of a video card and a visualization subsystem (renderer). A renderer should visualize a 3D scene with acceptable frame rate (not less than 25 frames per second) and respond to commands, such as a 3D scene transformation or new objects loading. The authors have developed and implemented a new decoder architecture in order to display several high definition videos in a virtual 3D scene. The architecture includes the following components: a decoder that decompresses audio and video packets; an audio playback system; a control module that allows starting, stopping playback, setting volume, etc.; an interface that interacts with a visualization subsystem, which is required for updating video images.

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