Software & Systems

Articles of journal № 2 at 2017 year.

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11. The empirical risk minimization principle based on average loss aggregating functions for regression problems [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: Z.M. Shibzukhov, D.P. Dimitrichenko, M.A. Kazakov
Visitors: 6865
The paper proposes an extended principle of empirical risk minimization to solve the regression problem. It is based on using aggregate functions instead of arithmetic mean to calculate risk. This can be justified if the loss distribution of emissions is significant or distorted, causing a shift in the risk assessment of the average loss from the very beginning. Therefore, in such cases, when optimizing characteristics in the regression problem the robust estimate of average value-at-risk should be initially used. Such intermediate risk assessment can be constructed using avg functions, which are the solution to the problem of penalty function minimization in case of mean deviation. This approach allows, on one hand, to determine a much broader class of secondary functions, and, on the other hand, to determine the average differentiable functions that approximate the average non-differentiable functions, such as a median or quintile. As a result, it is possible to construct gradient methods for solving the regression problem that, in a sense, can approximate robust techniques such as Least Median and Least Quantile. This paper proposes a new gradient scheme for solving the minimization problem of the intermediate risk. It is an analog of the used in the SAG algorithm circuit when the risk is calculated by arithmetic mean. An illustrative example presents the construction of robust procedures for characteristics assessment in a linear regression based on the use of the avg function, which approximates the median.

12. Design principles of modular software architecture in aviation [№2 за 2017 год]
Author: Chizhikova L.A.
Visitors: 12266
Software development is a quite difficult and laborious process, which is based on correct and reliable architecture design. Distribution and coordination of duties when working in a group of developers is often a quite difficult and re-sponsible decision due to affection the main result of development. Nowadays, with technological development the control and functionality of aircraft avionics requires more software creation. The role of software development and management is also increasing in the flight simulation and testing equipment fields. More and more tasks are transferred from hardware to software. The article provides the analysis and identification of basic aviation software design aspects, the comparison between the civil aircraft software design architecture and flight simulation software architecture. In order to present a unified software architecture model, the authors made a research on papers on software architecture design in Russian companies, which make Flight Simulation devices and onboard aircraft software architecture. There is also a comparison of these solutions and their commonality. Furthermore, the article considers a model, which is successfully used in software development by Rockwell Automation Company, and makes a research among the works of Delft Technical University on the described topic. The paper proposes a mathematical description of modular software product architecture, which is oriented to the aviation industry. The proposed approach allows unifying a development process, reducing the time and labor of software development, adding innovations without existing structure transformation if the software product is made using the described solution.

13. A software and algorithm complex of enterprise protection and management [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: Matveykin V.G., B.S. Dmitrievsky, V.I. Mednikov, S.G. Semerzhinsky
Visitors: 6429
The paper presents an enterprise mathematical model interacting with external environment by resource exchange. Current enterprise management, as well as real unauthorized influence on its activities by external environment or a subject is a result of the impact on resources. Unauthorized actions are detected by comparison of actual and calculated values of performance indicators for a selected level of functions execution. If such action is detected, a countermeasure system becomeы active to reach the protected value. The protection success rate is accepted as minimum performance requirements based on statistics and expert way. As a result, the authors have found a technical parameter of enterprise security that quantitatively describes protection inefficiency. The built structure of enterprise protection and management system detects and locates unauthorized effect on its internal processes and the processes of interaction with the environment without human intervention. At the same time it organically combines enterprise management and protection and is significantly different from known systems. The protection and control system, which is implemented as software and algorithm complex, makes it possible to describe all production processes. The paper proposes the means of improving reliability of measurement and obtaining information about resources state. They monitor and identify the external influences on each resource without human intervention. The paper describes the developed means of obtaining quantitative information on resource state and the terms of technical feasibility of the proposed enterprise protection and management system. The proposed secure management algorithms use a resource protection system that provides reliable information at all management levels. The presented the protection and control system raise the enterprise efficiency in the interactions with the environment.

14. A software package to measure time of audio motor reaction of chemical technological process control system operators [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: O.L. Akhremchik , I.I. Bazulev
Visitors: 7608
Time of the operator’s sensory-motor response is a basis for choosing models of information representation and the strategy of chemical and technological process control to minimize losses during human-computer interaction. Sound signal application for forming messages of abnormal and preventive alarms leads to the need of development of methods and monitoring aids of audio-motor response time. The paper considers the structure, functional characteristics and the main components of a software packege for measuring simple audio motor reaction time of a control system operator. According to the structural programming conception, Delphi means are selected to implement the complex. The paper describes screen forms types of the program complex and possible operator actions to use the forms. As complex set-up parameters it is offered to use a type of a sound signal; time interval defining the moment of signal appearance; a number of signal presentations. The different frequency tone signals are used as incentives for measurement. Databases of sound signals, operators and measurement results are filled and used during measurement. The software package might be applied to operate as a part of a control system of chemical and technological process. The package may be considered as a tool for indirect estimation of the status of the operator’s central nervous system. A basis of measurement results transfer to other program systems is saving results as *.cds and *.txt. The package approbation results show that the nature of influence of external factor set on operator’s audio motor reaction time has a multiplicative character.

15. Clustering software solution [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: A.S. Grigorash, Kureichik V.M., V.V. Kureychik
Visitors: 10189
Nowadays, information technologies have developed considerably. Databases grow too fast, and data processing becomes more and more difficult with each passing day. Data mining methods become an urgent area of study for processing large amounts of data because they allow finding out implicit patterns in data sets. One of the main tasks of data mining is clustering. The authors formulated the clustering problem. Clustering is a NP-complete, difficult task, therefore it is necessary to develop non-standard algorithms and methods for finding an effective solution in polynomial time. The purpose of this research is to build a software package for solving the clustering problem. In order to solve it, there were proposed modified methods of evolutionary modeling and swarm intelligence, which might adaptat to environmental changes. The paper specifies a modification to find quasi-optimal solutions, which allowed significantly reducing the time of cluster for-mation. It also describes modified genetic, ant and bee colony algorithms, as well as an algorithm functioning model as a consistent system. The article considers the structure of the software system and the developed an intuitive user interface. A computational experiment was carried out on different amounts of data banks. A series of computational experiments showed that the time for element clustering approximately equals to 9.4 seconds. The difference between the obtained value and the optimal value is at average of 3–5 %. Within the research, the optimal time is 8–9 seconds. The experiment revealed temporary complexity of the developed complex. It approximately equals to the ICA ≈ O(n2).

16. Realization and testing of newton methods for unconstrained optimization [№2 за 2017 год]
Author: A.B. Sviridenko
Visitors: 4245
The paper describes an approach to increasing the effectiveness of Newton’s methods for unconstrained optimization based on the Cholesky factorization with step adjustment and finite-difference approximation of the first and second derivatives. The modified Cholesky decomposition of the second derivative matrix is the basis of increasing the efficiency of the Newton’s methods. It defines the solution to the problem of scaling steps during lovering; the approximation by non-quadratic functions; integration with the method of confidence neighborhoods; decrease in norms of priori amendment. The work investigates the possibility of reducing the number of function evaluations by forming the second derivative matrix in accordance with its structure. The article examins the relationship of the approach to increasing the efficiency of the Gaussian exceptions for sparse matrices and the proposed approach to increasing the efficiency of numerical methods of Newton type (using a matrix structure), that is information about matrix positions which store non-zero elements. For Newton’s methods for unconstrained optimization based on the Cholesky factorization with step adjustment and the finite-difference approximation of the first and second derivatives it is the possibility of reducing the number of function evaluations by forming a matrix of the second derivatives in accordance with its structure. The paper contains the descriptions of program implementations, all versions of the algorithms are implemented in Visual Basic .NET, the development environment is Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. The article shows the results of numerical studies of the effectiveness of the developed algorithms given the set of rules described in the work. The work studies an approach to increasing the efficiency of Newton’s methods with finite-difference approximation of the first and second derivatives. This is the basis for further research, the results of which might be used to build Newton-type numerical methods.

17. Recursive algorithm for exact calculation of rank tests for testing statistical hypotheses [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: Agamirov L.V., Vestyak V.A., Agamirov V.L.
Visitors: 10265
The paper considers the method of generating exact distributions of nonparametric rank tests by means of the computer combinatorial theory. Relevance of the work consists in the fact that determination of exact distribution of critical values of rank tests for statistical hypotheses testing is complicated by the fact that the exact tables and recurrence formulas for many of the tests do not exist. In addi-tion, approximations often give unsatisfactory results at limited volumes of observations. The task of calculating the distribution for rank tests is a search of all possible sample permutations and calculations of rank sta-tistics, as well as cumulative frequency of their occurrence. The program of generating permutations of elements of samples for nonparametric rank criteria based on the recursive brute-force algorithm of direct enumeration of order statistics vector permutation is developed with the following limited number of op-tions: in all permutation options the elements from the same sample cannot be swapped. It is a universal condition for all the rank criteria exact distributions. The paper refers to the Internet resource that contains the software package implementation of the considered calculation algo-rithm for a rank test. This complex contains four nonparametric criteria: two-sample Wilcoxon test, Lehmann-Rosenblatt test, series test and Kruskal-Wallis test, whose accurate distribution statistics are of greatest interest for technical problems. The algorithm can be used for other rank tests of statistical hypotheses testing. The paper presents an implementation of the generation method of nonparametric rank test exact distributions by computer com-binatorial means. It is based on the developed by the authors recursive direct enumeration of options of order statistics vector permu-tation with following filtration of the results. Thus, the authors solve the problem of determining the critical values of nonparametric rank tests for testing statistical hypotheses.

18. A contracted representation of strong associative rules in data analysis [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: Bykova V.V., Kataeva A.V.
Visitors: 9458
Modern methods and means of searching for association rules in big data lead to a significant number of rules, many of which are redundant. Redundant association rules are generally of no value, but they can misinform. To solve this problem, the paper proposes an algorithm MClose, which is a modification of the algorithm Close. It is known that Close algorithm might help to construct mini-max basis for strict association rules (association rules with the confidence of 1). Mini-max basis consists of only min-max association rules. Association rules with minimal antecedent and maximal consequent are called min-max association rules. Such rules are interesting for experts. However, mini-max basis may contain redundant association rules. The algorithm MClose immediately eliminates redundant association rules when creating mini-max basis. The resulting basis is called concise strong basis (CSB). Redundant association rules might always be obtained from the CSB without sacrificing their support and confidence, without references to the data set. Algorithm MClose is based on Galois connection. MClose algorithm is also based on derivability, which are similar on Armstrong axioms for functional dependencies. Experiments have shown that running time of algorithm MClose is comparable with the algorithm Close. However, it reduces the number of association rules mini-max basis about twice. We provide a description of the program which presents MClose and Close algorithms.

19. Texturing of 3d models with filled holes [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: A.P. Kudryashov, I.V. Solovev
Visitors: 7888
The paper presents an automatic method for texturing three-dimensional computer models. The proposed method is based on the well-known voxel approach, according to which the resulting surface of the scene is obtained by combining a variety of views in the voxel space. Diffuse blurring of weighting function values in the voxel space is used to fill holes. Simple image projection results in visible seams on scan edges. To overcome this problem one normally needs to resort to highly computationally demanding methods. The proposed method of texturing offers a solution for these problems. The texturing algorithm is based on the blending of all available textures, taking into account the weight of each pixel in each triangle, as well the overlap and observability of these triangles. The algorithmic implementation of the method is optimized to improve computational performance of the method and the quality of a generated textured triangulation model. The algorithm of indexing of triangles makes use of a texture map for each view which allows reducing the amount of computation time and therefore to speed up reconstruction and texturing. The multi-core processing provided an additional increase in computational performance. Computational experiments were performed on real three-dimensional scene data obtained by a 3D scanner RangeVision. The experiments showed that the current algorithm is able to generate realistic textures in a short time for highly detailed models.

20. Unified description of information radioelectronic system functioning to estimate training aids software [№2 за 2017 год]
Authors: Abu-Abed, F.N., Dopira R.V., I.N. Ishchuk, E.Yu. Brezhnev, Potapov A.N.
Visitors: 9400
Nowadays, training aids software evaluation is performed according to the coincidence degree of simulated processes with the real one. However, the lack of universality in the description of the mechanisms for operating ergonomic information radio electronic systems (RES), for which training complexes are developed, does not ensure development of tools to form their application strategies taking into account changes in operating conditions that are invariant to RES. As a result, a unified description (representation) of information radio electronic system functioning is relevant. On this basis it is proposed to create software for their training aids. Considering this, the goal of the work is a unified description of information radio electronic systems functioning with further implementation of their training aids software evaluation. A unified description of information radio electronic systems functioning is based on a unified approach to RES representation as structural and logical schemes. Their distinguishing feature is that they take into account radio frequency (RF) interactions with environmental elements expressed through RF actions and RF influences that form cause-effect relationship of RES operation RF-conditions. The possibilities of implementing RES of the functions of selecting, distributing and redistributing resources depend on the mechanisms of controllability in it. To construct structural and logical schemes of ERT operation that take into account operator activity, the paper considers the mechanisms of their controllability. This allows us to develop a scientific and methodological instrument to evaluate software of training facilities for air traffic control operators (ATC) based on the examination results. Moreover, when presenting them as complex hierarchical structure systems and in the information field of ATC operator workplaces using Fisher-х2 criterion and the generalized distribution law.

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