Software & Systems

Articles of journal № 4 at 2021 year.

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1. Analysis of hybrid controllers in control models of technical objects operating in changing conditions [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Ignatyev, V.V., V.V. Solovev , Beloglazov D.A.
Visitors: 3456
The paper analyzes hybrid controllers for control models of technical objects operating in changing conditions. It also considers the models which involve control based on hybrid controllers imple-mented on the basis of sequential interaction between PI- and IPI-FUZZY-controllers and PID- and IPD-FUZZY-controllers with the generated structure of the Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system and the developed ANFIS model. In hybrid controllers, the fuzzy controller rule base is formed automatically using a specially developed algorithm based on data obtained from a classical controller with subsequent training us-ing a neural network. The ANFIS design principle in the form of a hybrid network for PI and IPI-FUZZY controllers is the use of the output signal error indicators, its integral (differential for PID and IPD-FUZZY controllers) and control action. The following aspects have become the develop-ment features. In order to test the hybrid network efficiency to identify the fact of its retraining, the authors used the data obtained as a result of the classical regulator operation; to form a training sample for building a hybrid network they used the data obtained as a result of the fuzzy regulator operation. This makes it possible to exclude expert’s participation in the synthesis of the fuzzy con-troller rule base and to ensure efficient and robust control of an object functioning in unforeseen external situations. The IPI-FUZZY-controller and the IPD-FUZZY-controller have shown better quality indicators comparing to the corresponding classical ones, which makes it possible to recommend using in real control systems. The presented models were developed in the Simulink environment and the ANFIS editor of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox extension package.

2. The environment status analysis and the issues of emission neutralization in China on the example of the Beijing area [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: R.I. Solnitsev , Lei Wang, Kuzmin S.A., Kupriyanov G.A.
Visitors: 2930
This paper is devoted to the problem of compensation for emissions of pollutants into the atmos-phere. It shows the application of a comprehensive assessment of the emission concentration in space. An appropriate model of emission propagation is constructed depending on the type of a pol-lution source. The analysis is based on the data on emissions of pollutants in a specific area of the city of Beijing (China). Based on the analysis of the main stationary and mobile sources (vehicles) of pollution in this area, the authors have determined the gradients of emissions concentration in the atmosphere and the level of air quality during the day. Based on the analysis results, the paper proposes some approaches and design solutions to com-pensate for emissions based on the concept of constructing a closed system called Nature-Technology. Such closed-loop control systems include means to compensate for emissions from both stationary and non-stationary sources of pollutants. The solution of the control synthesis prob-lems according to the criterion of emission minimization in extreme sections of emission flows for both stationary and non-stationary (motor transport) sources of pollutants is proposed. The construction of closed-loop emission compensation control systems is associated with form-ing of an appropriate knowledge base. The knowledge base is based on the ontology components in-cluding the types of air pollutants and the ways to compensate for these substances. The ontology contains such concepts as the environment in which a person is currently located, a pollutant that is currently in the environment, and the current degree of compensation for sources of pollutants. In addition to the ontology, the knowledge base contains the rules that make it possible to conclude on the degree of compensation efficiency by the proposed means based on the environmental state in-cluding urban infrastructure or an enclosed space, and the type of pollutants (dust, toxic gases, or neutral gases). The ontology was developed in the Protégé editor. The web application for working with the knowledge base is based on JSP technology and the Java programming language. Based on the knowledge base, geographic information systems for data visualization and blockchain technol-ogy for registration and reliable storage of data are being built. The paper shows the prospects for the development of this approach for solving the complex problem of compensating emissions from both stationary sources of pollution and from vehicles.

3. A software platform demonstrator for joint use of evidence theory algorithms and neural networks in fuzzy systems [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Ivanov V.K., Palyukh B.V.
Visitors: 3527
The diagnostics of a complex multi-stage technical process involves the joint primary data pro-cessing to obtain probabilistic characteristics of abnormal critical events or incidents under uncer-tainty. The paper presents the research demonstrator Status-4 that is a software platform prototype for joint using the evidence theory and neural network methods in fuzzy diagnostic systems. The purpose of the demonstrator development is to create a scientific and technical reserve for ready-to-implement solutions transfer to the next project stages. The demonstrator makes it possible to show the main platform functional components, assess their system readiness level, conduct the platform research tests, perform software implementations testing of the selected and theoretically confirmed methods in various modes, check the functioning operability and efficiency at various parameter values and their combinations quickly. The demonstrator shows the options for the joint application of neural network and evidence theory methods in a hybrid expert system for diagnos-tics process. In addition, these methods joint application effectiveness is experimentally confirmed in terms of reducing the uncertainty level and increasing the confidence in data level when making decisions. The demonstrator enables minimizing the key risks of creating a full-featured software platform for diagnosing and evaluating the complex multi-stage technologies state. The paper provides brief information about the demonstrator functionality, including the tech-nology description and the suppositions description about diagnostic variables influence on pro-cessing performance, loading incident descriptions into the technological database, forming hy-potheses about the incidents causes, generating production rules, adapting the parameters of the technology state assessing algorithms using neural network and fuzzy inference. The paper consid-ers the main data warehouse and object model parameters, provides the software implementation and user interface information and illustrates it by examples. It also highlights the used methods features, which allow us to hope for the effectiveness of their joint use in diagnostic systems.

4. Diagnosing the condition of a technical object using machine learning classification [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Lomovtseva N.A., Yu.E. Kuvayskova , Klyachkin, V.N.
Visitors: 3356
Diagnosing the functioning of complex technical systems is necessary to ensure their safety and reliability. Sometimes the diagnosis is reduced to the division of objects into healthy and faulty: there is a binary classification of machine learning methods according to precedents (with the teacher). However, when there is a need to describe an object’s state with several possible options (not just two: a healthy object or a faulty object), a more detailed study is often needed. In this case, a multi-class classification of the object's states is carried out. Machine learning techniques can be used effectively as for binary classification. The sample obtained from the preliminary tests is divided into two parts: training and test. The training part is for building models that help to divided objects into a given number of classes. It is assumed that there is some connection between the object’s performance indicators and states. Based on the training sample, it is necessary to build an algorithm that provides a sufficiently accurate object’s state assessment for a given set of performance indicators. The paper presents a developed multi-class classification program allowing building an algorithm model for reliable diagnosis of the object’s condition. At the same time, cross-validation is used to eliminate retraining. The three quality measures of the built models are used to take into account the specifics of the training sample applying different types of classifiers. As a numerical example, the authors consider the robot's navigation: according to the results of 24 distance sensors, one of the four directions of its movement is determined.

5. Semiotic control system for a mobile robotic platform [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: M.A. Rovbo, Sorokoumov P.S.
Visitors: 3659
The paper considers the problem of combining a control system based on a semiotic model of a ro-bot’s world and human-machine interfaces, in particular, a voice interface, into a single system that processes both user commands and the robot’s autonomous behavior. The developed system allows controlling a robot using a voice interface, executing extended be-haviors, eliminating command ambiguities by resolving spatial relationships and taking into account the operator's gaze direction. This is achieved by integrating all the information necessary for mak-ing a decision and choosing the robot's action into the world model, applying logical inference to supplement it, and using heuristics to eliminate ambiguities in the speech command when there are not enough known facts for this. The decision-making system based on this world model also pro-vides the robot’s autonomous response to special situations. The paper describes the developed system architecture and demonstrates the applicability of this approach using a simulated model of a mobile robot in Gazebo. The simulation showed the possibil-ity of controlling a mobile platform using the developed system and the indirect control proved to be more ergonomic. Although, it should be noted that the computational load increases substantially when it is necessary to process a large number of objects in the world and it is impossible to process conflicting information in the current implementation. The computational load is partially compen-sated by algorithms that make it possible to infer only the information necessary to process the current command.

6. A simulation model for estimating the service life of the Internet of Things under the conditions of attacking effects emitting the node energy [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Tatarnikova, T.M., P.Yu. Bogdanov
Visitors: 3689
The low power of the sensor nodes of the Internet of Things determines the search for solving sev-eral urgent problems: increasing the service life of sensor nodes and the security of the Internet of Things. Sensor nodes use batteries with limited resources as a power source, therefore if a sensor network is installed and deployed in a remote geographic space to observe physical phenomena, then recharging or replacing sensor nodes may become impossible or expensive due to the long dis-tance. Power consumption is one of the important quality indicators of the Internet of Things defined as the amount of energy used and spent by sensor nodes. Energy consumption determines the network lifespan – the time when the sensor network is fully functional. On the other hand, the implementa-tion of IoT security mechanisms requires additional energy costs associated with their implementa-tion. However, the lack of security mechanisms causes the proliferation of attacks that emit the node energy, as well as reduced service life of the Internet of Things. The paper presents the results of a simulation experiment proving that timely detection of at-tacks contributes to an increase in the service life of the network compared to a network with no se-curity mechanisms. To understand the operation principles of the simulation model, there is a a de-scription of its main modules, which simulate real objects of the Internet of Things network: sensor nodes, routers, protocols, communication channels, attacks, data packets. The estimates of energy consumption and service life are given in the form of graphs of dependences on various parameters of the Internet of Things network.

7. Information and software support for a hybrid intelligent control system in process control [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Kornyushko V.F., A.S. Kuznetsov, Sadekov L.V.
Visitors: 2571
The paper discusses the issues related to the development of information support and software tools for hybrid intelligent systems used for decision-making in managing technological processes. It considers the features of constructing hybrid systems that include physical models based on analyt-ical devices that simulate technology (including sensors, control and regulation systems) and artifi-cial intelligence systems for solving research problems and optimal technology control. There is a detailed description of a hybrid system for intelligent control of the technology of mixing and struc-turing of elastomeric composites using the RPA-2000 device. It is shown that the use of systems that implement the competence-based approach allows making decisions in a complex technological en-vironment, when managerial decisions are ambiguous and may be insufficiently effective leading to product rejects. The indicators for quantitative assessing the processes of mixing and structuring elastomeric composites are found using standardized probabilistic models. These indicators are reasonable to take into account when solving the problems of controlling the mixing and structuring processes. It is shown that all the accumulated technological information is stored in the database of standard rheograms of the state of elastomeric composites, as well as in the knowledge base for the control and management of mixing and structuring of elastomeric composites in the form of production rule sets. The principles of control and management are formed in the production language, and on they became the basis in the MATLAB for building a decision support system for solving problems of situational control and optimization. Using the example of constructing kinetic curves, it is shown that the use of new quantitative characteristics such as the structuring rate, process acceleration, and generalized acceleration sig-nificantly expands the predictive capabilities of rheograms and thus contributes to an increase in the quality and efficiency of process control.

8. A synthesis method for fuzzy controllers based on clustering [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: Ignatyev, V.V., V.V. Solovev
Visitors: 3843
The goal of this work is to develop a method for synthesizing fuzzy controllers from experimental data based on clustering, since this is the simplest way to determine the number of membership functions and create a rule base. To achieve this goal, it is proposed to use experimental data on the input and output signals of the control system for a technical object with a classical controller. The developed method for data clustering is based on the experimental data and makes it possible to de-termine the term-sets of input and output linguistic variables of a fuzzy controller that implements the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm and to compose a rule base. Clustering is performed by evaluating the boundaries of the experimental data variation inter-vals, uniform division into clusters depending on the required power of term-sets of linguistic vari-ables and determining if the data belongs to certain clusters. Since the experimental data are con-nected, that is, for each moment of time, data on both the input and output signals of the classical controller are stored and their belonging to clusters is determined, the development of the fuzzy controller rule base does not cause difficulties. To simplify the research, the authors have developed software in the MatLab environment. It makes it possible both to obtain experimental data, to synthesize a fuzzy controller and check its performance. The control system model is developed in the Simulink environment, the method of clustering and determining the parameters of linguistic variables is implemented as a program in an m-file; the fuzzy controller is implemented in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox extension package. The high degree of integration of MatLab expansion packages made it possible to simplify the procedure of synthesizing fuzzy controllers as much as possible and to reduce it to determining the number of input and output variables and analyzing the simulation results. The paper presents the process of filling connected containers as an example, its mathematical model is a second-order transfer function with delay. To select an optimal structure of a fuzzy controller, the authors have carried out a study based on experimental data. The results obtained in this work were compared with the classical PD-controller, the model of which was implemented in the Simulink environment. The research results will be useful for developers of fuzzy control models.

9. A model for the forming operational knowledge for an expert system for providing radioelectronic facilities with spare parts, tools and accessories [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: S.V. Ignatev, A.V. Krasnikov , А.А. Оsipov, Shatalina N.V.
Visitors: 2934
The paper justifies the reason for forming knowledge as a way of obtaining it for an expert system that provides radioelectronic facilities with spare parts, tools and accessories. It defines the type of knowledge as operational according to the classification. The paper reveals that for the subject area under consideration, such knowledge is at the system level in the form of regularities between the parameters of the support system elements: service per-sonnel, radioelectronic facilities, transport system, storage bases of various hierarchical levels, re-pair and production enterprises. To obtain them, the authors use the method of knowledge formation by developing a specialized mathematical apparatus based on modeling and identifying the required patterns that form the basis of new knowledge. The main provisions of the work are related to constructing a model for forming operational knowledge for an expert system for providing radioelectronic facilities with spare parts, tools and accessories. The first stage involves determining the model structure and parameters. The second stage includes developing a formalized description of radioelectronic facilities, storage bases, a re-pair enterprise, a production enterprise, taking into account the parameters of the service personnel and the transport system. The third stage synthesizes a formalized description of the support system elements into a single model and determines an approach to obtaining the initial data for forming the expert system operational knowledge. The result of the work done is the software product called the Instrumental environment for forming operational knowledge for the expert system for providing radioelectronic facilities with spare parts.

10. On the implementation of a multifunctional web-based system for recording and accounting the scientists’ intellectual activity [№4 за 2021 год]
Authors: S.A. Vlasova, N.E. Kalenov
Visitors: 4128
The paper describes a WEB-system that implements services related to the formation and provision of multi-sided information about the results of scientific activities (publications and reports at sci-entific events) achieved by the employees of one organization or a group of organizations. The sys-tem focuses both on the end user seeking to obtain specific data, and on the administrative staff who forms reporting materials for the superior organization. The information base of the system contains related data on the following object classes: per-sons (authors of publications and reports), organizations and their divisions; publications at the an-alytical, monographic and summary levels; author's certificates; scientific events (conferences, symposiums, seminars); reports. The system consists of two modules: administrative (for data input and editing) and user, which is a special search engine that searches for information and visualizes it, provides the ability to navigate through related resources and to export data. A distinctive feature of the system is the introduced concept of equivalent objects. The objects represented in the system by different metadata, but related to the same physical entity, are consid-ered equivalent. Such objects are “persons” corresponding to the same author with different spell-ings of their surname in the bibliographic entries of publications; organizations with different vari-ants of their names; papers published unchanged in different languages. In accordance with modern requirements for reporting on publications, the system shows the funding sources for scientific re-search, as well as the affiliations of each author indicated in the papers. The system has a user-friendly interface, which does not require special computer skills. This al-lows recommending it as a tool for solving a set of tasks related to evaluating the results of intellec-tual activity of employees of scientific institutions.

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